1. She tries to design an organizational structure that allows communication to flow in all

A. Centralized
B. Decentralized
C. Matrix
D. Informal

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'A: Centralized.' In a centralized organizational structure, decision-making authority and communication flow through a single point of control or a specific group of individuals. This setup ensures that communication channels are streamlined and information is disseminated efficiently. By designing an organizational structure that allows communication to flow in all directions, it suggests a decentralized structure where decision-making authority is distributed across various levels and departments. Therefore, 'Centralized' is the best fit for the scenario described in the question.

2. Which term describes the resistance of a substance to being hammered into different shapes?

A. Viscosity
B. Ductility
C. Malleability
D. Conductivity

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Malleability refers to the resistance of a substance to being hammered or pressed into different shapes without breaking.

3. Which of the following is an example of a secondary alcohol?

A. Methanol
B. Ethanol
C. Isopropanol
D. Butanol

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Isopropanol is an example of a secondary alcohol, as the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. The other choices are primary alcohols.

4. Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind:

A. Vaccination
B. Disinfection
C. Sterilization
D. antibiotic resistance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind vaccination. When a vaccine containing antigens (weakened or killed pathogens) is introduced into the body, the immune system produces antibodies that bind to these antigens. This binding triggers an immune response, leading to the production of memory cells that provide immunity against future infections by the same pathogen. Vaccination helps the body develop immunity without causing the disease itself, thereby protecting individuals from infectious diseases. Disinfection and sterilization involve different processes to eliminate or reduce pathogens on surfaces or objects. Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon where bacteria evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics and is not directly related to antigen-antibody binding.

5. What is the function of a cell wall?

A. To provide structural support for the cell
B. To transport substances in and out of the cell
C. To synthesize proteins and lipids
D. To store genetic material

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria. Its main function is to provide structural support and protection for the cell, helping maintain the cell's shape and preventing it from bursting or collapsing. The cell wall also allows for the passage of water, ions, and other molecules in and out of the cell. Options B, C, and D are incorrect because those functions are typically carried out by other cellular structures such as the cell membrane, ribosomes, and nucleus, respectively.

6. Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, regulates calcium levels in the blood by enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines and reducing calcium loss in the kidneys?

A. Calcitonin
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C. Thyroxine
D. Insulin

Correct answer: a

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. It works by enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines and reducing calcium loss in the kidneys. This helps to maintain the proper balance of calcium in the body. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) works in the opposite way, increasing calcium levels in the blood when they are low. Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism and growth, not calcium levels. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels, not calcium levels. Therefore, the correct hormone in this case is Calcitonin.