1. Muscle soreness after exercise is often caused by microscopic tears in muscle fibers. This is called

A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dom (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness)
D. Spasm

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Muscle soreness after exercise is commonly caused by microscopic tears in muscle fibers, leading to a condition known as Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Atrophy refers to the shrinking of muscle due to inactivity or lack of use, which is not the cause of muscle soreness after exercise. Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size through exercise, not related to muscle soreness. Spasm is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction unrelated to the micro-tears that cause muscle soreness. Therefore, the correct answer is C, DOMS, as it specifically addresses the micro-tears in muscle fibers that result in post-exercise soreness.

2. What principle explains the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases?

A. Law of conservation of energy
B. Newton's laws of motion
C. Ideal gas law
D. Archimedes' principle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) relates pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases at constant number of moles and temperature.

3. The measurable electrical activity of the brain is recorded by a:

A. CAT scan
B. MRI scan
C. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
D. X-ray

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Electroencephalogram (EEG)". An EEG is a non-invasive test that measures the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp. It is specifically designed to record brain wave patterns, making it a valuable tool in diagnosing conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. A CAT scan (A) and MRI scan (B) are imaging techniques that show the structure of the brain, while an X-ray (D) is not typically used to measure brain electrical activity.

4. A routine urinalysis is a common diagnostic test. What does a urinalysis typically evaluate?

A. Blood sugar levels
B. Presence of white blood cells (indicating possible infection)
C. Kidney function
D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' A routine urinalysis is a comprehensive test that evaluates various aspects of urine to provide insights into overall health. Blood sugar levels can be assessed to screen for diabetes or monitor diabetes management. The presence of white blood cells in the urine can indicate a possible infection in the urinary tract. Additionally, kidney function can be evaluated by examining factors such as protein levels, creatinine, and electrolytes in the urine. Therefore, a urinalysis typically evaluates blood sugar levels, presence of white blood cells (indicating possible infection), and kidney function, making 'All of the above' the correct choice.

5. Which sentence uses the subjunctive mood correctly?

A. I wish I could have gone to the beach.
B. If I were you, I would choose option B.
C. He insisted that she stay home.
D. Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Option A expresses a wish or hypothetical situation, requiring the subjunctive mood.

6. Which digestive enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins?

A. Pepsin
B. Lipase
C. Amylase
D. Maltase

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pepsin. Pepsin is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach. It is an enzyme produced by the gastric chief cells in the stomach lining and works in a highly acidic environment to break down proteins into smaller peptide fragments. Lipase, on the other hand, is responsible for breaking down fats, amylase for breaking down carbohydrates, and maltase for breaking down maltose (a type of sugar). Therefore, pepsin is the correct enzyme involved in the digestion of proteins.