Nursing Elites

1. What is the lysosome?

• A. A sac-like structure that contains enzymes that break down cellular components
• B. A network of tubules that transport proteins and lipids throughout the cell
• C. The site of protein synthesis
• D. The site of cellular respiration

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes help break down various cellular components, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and even foreign particles like bacteria. This process of breaking down and recycling cellular components is essential for maintaining cell health and function. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe the function or structure of a lysosome.

2. What is the SI unit of measurement for work?

• A. Newton-meter (N·m)
• B. Joule (J)
• C. Watt (W)
• D. Meter per second (m/s)

Correct answer: b

Rationale: Work is measured in Joules (J) in the SI unit system.

3. Insulin, a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels, is produced by the:

• A. Parathyroid gland
• B. Pancreas
• C. Thymus gland
• D. Ovaries

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. The pancreas is an organ located near the stomach that contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for producing insulin. The parathyroid gland, option A, regulates calcium levels in the blood. The thymus gland, option C, is involved in the development of the immune system. The ovaries, option D, produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone but not insulin. Therefore, the pancreas is the correct gland responsible for producing insulin.

4. What is the name of the microscopic finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

• A. Goblet cells
• B. Paneth cells
• C. Villi
• D. Crypts of Lieberkühn

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Goblet cells: Goblet cells are specialized cells that secrete mucus to protect the lining of the digestive tract. While important for maintaining the health of the intestines, goblet cells do not increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine. B) Paneth cells: Paneth cells are specialized cells found in the small intestine that secrete antimicrobial peptides. They play a role in protecting the intestinal stem cells and maintaining the gut microbiota balance, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption. C) Villi: Villi are microscopic finger-like projections found in the small intestine that increase the surface area available for absorption of nutrients. Each villus contains blood vessels and lacteals (lymphatic vessels) that help absorb nutrients from digested food. D) Crypts of Lieberkühn: Crypts of Lieberkühn are small pits located between the villi

5. During embryonic development, all tissues originate from

• A. Epithelial tissue only
• B. Muscle tissue only
• C. Connective tissue only
• D. Embryonic germ layers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During embryonic development, all tissues originate from the three primary embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These layers give rise to all the different types of tissues found in the body. The ectoderm forms the skin and nervous system, the mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and connective tissues, while the endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it encompasses the comprehensive origin of all tissues in the body during embryonic development.

6. Which vitamin is crucial for calcium absorption and synthesized in the skin upon sun exposure?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vitamin D. Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption as it helps the body absorb calcium from the diet. When the skin is exposed to sunlight, it produces vitamin D. This is why sunlight is often referred to as the 'sunshine vitamin.' Vitamin A (choice A) is important for vision and immune function, but not specifically for calcium absorption. Vitamin C (choice B) is essential for collagen production and immune function, but not directly related to calcium absorption. Vitamin E (choice D) is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage, but it is not primarily involved in calcium absorption like vitamin D.

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