Nursing Elites

1. What enzyme plays a crucial role in DNA replication during the S phase of interphase?

• A. Helicase
• B. DNA polymerase
• C. Ligase
• D. Topoisomerase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: During the S phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs. DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands by adding nucleotides in a complementary fashion to the template strand. It plays a crucial role in replicating the entire genome accurately. Helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA, topoisomerase relieves the tension in the DNA strands, and ligase joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. However, DNA polymerase is the enzyme directly involved in the synthesis of new DNA strands during replication.

2. What is the tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones at joints called?

• A. Cartilage
• B. Ligaments
• C. Tendons
• D. Fascia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ligaments. Ligaments are the tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones at joints. They provide stability and support to the joints, preventing excessive movement that could result in injury. Cartilage is a smooth, rubbery tissue that covers the ends of bones and cushions joints. Tendons are fibrous cords that attach muscles to bones, allowing for movement. Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, providing support and protection. Therefore, in this case, the term that specifically refers to the tissue connecting bones at joints is ligaments.

3. A keystone species plays a critical role in an ecosystem because its removal would:

• A. Lead to a decrease in competition among other species
• B. Cause a slight increase in primary productivity
• C. Have a minimal impact on the overall ecosystem structure
• D. Disrupt the food web and cause cascading effects on other populations

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: Keystone species are species that have a disproportionately large effect on their environment relative to their abundance. They play a critical role in maintaining the structure and function of an ecosystem. If a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem, it can disrupt the food web by causing imbalances in predator-prey relationships. This disruption can lead to cascading effects on other populations within the ecosystem, potentially causing population declines or even extinctions. Therefore, the removal of a keystone species would have significant impacts on the overall ecosystem structure, making option D the correct answer.

4. What is the name for the flexible connection between bones at the wrist or ankle?

• A. Ligament
• B. Tendon
• C. Fascia
• D. Synovial joint

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ligament. Ligaments are fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to other bones, providing stability and support to joints. In the context of the wrist or ankle, ligaments play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of these joints and preventing excessive movement that could lead to injury. Tendons (option B) connect muscles to bones, fascia (option C) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles and other structures, and synovial joint (option D) refers to a type of joint that allows for movement. Therefore, the flexible connection between bones at the wrist or ankle is best described as a ligament.

5. What is the term for the involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract?

• A. Segmentation
• B. Peristalsis
• C. Chyme
• D. Emulsification

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Peristalsis. Peristalsis is the term used to describe the involuntary muscle contractions that help move food through the digestive tract. These rhythmic contractions occur in the smooth muscles of the digestive system and help propel food and other substances like chyme through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Segmentation, choice A, refers to the mixing movements in the intestines that aid in digestion but do not move food along the tract. Chyme, choice C, is the semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine. Emulsification, choice D, is the process of breaking down fats into smaller droplets to aid in digestion, but it is not directly related to the movement of food through the digestive tract.

6. A study finds a link between increased screen time and lower academic performance. What additional information would be most helpful in interpreting this finding?

• A. The average socioeconomic status of the study participants.
• B. The specific types of screen activities participants engaged in.
• C. Whether the students had access to healthy meals and snacks.
• D. The participants' ages and grade levels.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Knowing the specific types of screen activities participants engaged in would provide crucial context for interpreting the link between increased screen time and lower academic performance. For example, if the majority of screen time was spent on educational apps or programs, the impact on academic performance may differ compared to if the screen time was mostly spent on social media or gaming. Understanding the nature of screen activities can help determine the potential mechanisms behind the observed relationship.

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