Nursing Elites

1. What is the name for the mixture of reactants and products present during a chemical reaction?

• A. Solution
• B. Mixture
• C. Reaction mixture
• D. Precipitate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: This mixture contains both the starting materials (reactants) and the newly formed substances (products) during the reaction process.

2. Which of the following statements about prions is TRUE?

• A. They are composed of proteins only
• B. They are easily destroyed by common disinfectants
• C. hey are a type of antibiotic
• D. They are a live organism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) This statement is true. Prions are infectious agents composed entirely of protein, lacking nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA. They are known for causing neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. B) This statement is false. Prions are not easily destroyed by common disinfectants due to their unique structure and resistance to conventional sterilization methods. C) This statement is false. Prions are not a type of antibiotic. They are a distinct class of infectious agents. D) This statement is false. Prions are not live organisms but rather misfolded proteins that can induce abnormal folding in normal proteins, leading to disease.

3. Which of the following is the basic unit of the nervous system?

• A. Neuron
• B. Nerve
• C. Ganglion
• D. Neuroglia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. Nerves are bundles of neurons, ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system, and neuroglia are support cells for neurons. However, neurons are specifically responsible for transmitting and processing information in the nervous system, making them the basic unit of this system.

4. The outermost layer of your skin, responsible for waterproofing and providing a barrier against pathogens, is the:

• A. Stratum basale (Basal layer)
• B. Stratum corneum
• C. Stratum granulosum
• D. Stratum spinosum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead skin cells (corneocytes) that are continuously shed and replaced. This layer is responsible for waterproofing the skin and providing a barrier against pathogens, UV radiation, and other environmental factors. The stratum basale (A) is the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are produced. The stratum granulosum (C) is the layer of the epidermis where cells begin to flatten and keratinization begins. The stratum spinosum (D) is the layer above the stratum granulosum, where cells become interconnected by desmosomes. Therefore, the stratum corneum is specifically designed to fulfill the functions of waterproofing and protecting against pathogens.

5. What is the process of cells responding to external stimuli, such as chemicals, temperature, or touch, called?

• A. Signal transduction
• B. Homeostasis
• C. Adaptation
• D. Metabolism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) Signal transduction is the process by which cells respond to external stimuli, such as chemicals, temperature, or touch. When a cell receives a signal from its environment, it initiates a series of molecular events that ultimately lead to a specific cellular response. This process involves the transmission of signals from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, where they can trigger various cellular activities. B) Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain internal stability and balance in response to external changes. While signal transduction plays a role in maintaining homeostasis by allowing cells to respond to external stimuli, it is not the specific process of cells responding to external stimuli. C) Adaptation is the process by which an organism adjusts to its environment over time through genetic changes or behavioral modifications. While cells can adapt to changes in their environment, the process of cells responding to external stimuli

6. Which of the following phases of mitosis is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids and their movement to opposite poles?

• A. Metaphase
• B. Anaphase
• C. Anaphase
• D. Cytokinesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: During anaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids, which are duplicated copies of a chromosome, separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This movement is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromatids. As a result, each pole of the cell receives a complete set of chromosomes, ensuring that the daughter cells produced after cell division will have the correct number of chromosomes. Metaphase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator, not their separation. Telophase is the phase following anaphase, where the separated chromatids reach the opposite poles and nuclear envelopes start to form around them. Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division, where the cytoplasm is divided to form two separate daughter cells.

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