ATI TEAS 7
Anatomy
1. The outermost layer of your skin, responsible for waterproofing and providing a barrier against pathogens, is the:
- A. Stratum basale (Basal layer)
- B. Stratum corneum
- C. Stratum granulosum
- D. Stratum spinosum
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead skin cells (corneocytes) that are continuously shed and replaced. This layer is responsible for waterproofing the skin and providing a barrier against pathogens, UV radiation, and other environmental factors. The stratum basale (A) is the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are produced. The stratum granulosum (C) is the layer of the epidermis where cells begin to flatten and keratinization begins. The stratum spinosum (D) is the layer above the stratum granulosum, where cells become interconnected by desmosomes. Therefore, the stratum corneum is specifically designed to fulfill the functions of waterproofing and protecting against pathogens.
2. Coronary arteries are responsible for:
- A. Delivering oxygenated blood throughout the body.
- B. Supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.
- C. Carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- D. Regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.' Coronary arteries are specialized blood vessels that branch off the aorta and provide oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. This is crucial for the heart to function properly and maintain its own blood supply separate from the systemic circulation. The other options are incorrect because delivering oxygenated blood throughout the body is the role of the systemic circulation and not specific to coronary arteries. Carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart is the function of veins, while regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation is primarily controlled by arteries in general, not just the coronary arteries.
3. When a muscle shortens and generates force, this is called a:
- A. Contraction
- B. Relaxation
- C. Extension
- D. Atrophy
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Contraction. When a muscle shortens and generates force, it is undergoing a contraction. During a contraction, the muscle fibers are actively pulling on the tendons, causing movement at a joint. This process requires energy and coordination between muscle fibers to contract simultaneously. In contrast, relaxation (option B) is when the muscle fibers return to their resting length and stop generating force. Extension (option C) refers to the movement that increases the angle at a joint, typically involving the lengthening of muscles. Atrophy (option D) is the wasting away or decrease in size of muscle tissue due to disuse or disease, not the active shortening and force generation of a muscle during a contraction.
4. What is an example of a fibrous protein?
- A. Insulin
- B. Keratin
- C. Hemoglobin
- D. Collagen
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Rationale: A) Insulin is a hormone, not a fibrous protein. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and is involved in regulating blood sugar levels. B) Keratin is a fibrous structural protein found in hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin. It provides strength and protection. C) Hemoglobin is a globular protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. It is not a fibrous protein. D) Collagen is a fibrous protein that is the main component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and skin. It provides strength and structure to these tissues.
5. The free edges of your fingernails and toenails are technically called the:
- A. Lunula (The lunula is the white crescent moon shape at the base of the nail)
- B. Matrix (The matrix is the area under the nail where new nail cells are produced)
- C. Hyponychium (This is the skin under the free edge of the nail)
- D. Free edge
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The free edges of your fingernails and toenails are the parts that extend beyond the fingertip or toe. These edges are commonly referred to simply as the "free edge" because they are not attached to the skin. The lunula is the white crescent moon shape at the base of the nail, the matrix is the area under the nail where new nail cells are produced, and the hyponychium is the skin under the free edge of the nail. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
6. Which molecule allows for the selective passage of materials into and out of the cell?
- A. DNA
- B. Protein
- C. Carbohydrate
- D. Phospholipid bilayer
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, the phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer is the main component of the cell membrane, which acts as a selective barrier allowing certain molecules to pass through while blocking others. Its structure consists of hydrophilic heads facing outward towards the aqueous environments inside and outside the cell, while the hydrophobic tails face inward creating a semi-permeable barrier. DNA (A) is the genetic material of the cell and is located within the nucleus, not involved in material passage. Proteins (B) and carbohydrates (C) are important components of the cell membrane and play various roles, but they do not directly control the selective passage of materials in and out of the cell.
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