Nursing Elites

1. T cells in the immune system can be categorized into different types. What type of T cell directly kills infected body cells?

• A. Helper T cells
• B. Cytotoxic T cells
• C. Regulatory T cells
• D. Memory T cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected body cells. These T cells recognize and destroy cells that are infected with viruses or other pathogens. They are crucial for eliminating threats within the body. Helper T cells, on the other hand, assist in coordinating the immune response by activating other immune cells. Regulatory T cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune reactions. Memory T cells are responsible for 'remembering' specific pathogens to mount a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure. Therefore, cytotoxic T cells are the correct answer as they directly target and kill infected cells.

2. Which type of tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix and provides structural support and protection?

• A. Epithelial tissue
• B. Connective tissue
• C. Muscle tissue
• D. Nervous tissue

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Connective tissue. Connective tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, which provides structural support and protection. Epithelial tissue, while also tightly packed, is specialized for lining and covering surfaces. Muscle tissue is composed of cells with contractile properties for movement, and nervous tissue is made up of neurons for transmitting electrical signals. Therefore, connective tissue best fits the description of being densely packed with cells and serving a structural support and protective function.

3. The microscopic units responsible for muscle contraction are called

• A. Neurons
• B. Myofibrils
• C. Tendons
• D. Sarcomeres

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sarcomeres. Sarcomeres are the fundamental contractile units of skeletal muscle. They are composed of overlapping actin and myosin filaments that slide past each other during muscle contraction, resulting in muscle shortening. Neurons (A) are nerve cells that transmit signals to and from the brain. Myofibrils (B) are thread-like structures within muscle fibers that contain sarcomeres. Tendons (C) are fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, but they are not directly involved in muscle contraction like sarcomeres are.

4. Which type of muscle tissue has a unique branching network and is found in the heart?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Smooth muscle
• D. Multifidus muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is the type of muscle tissue that has a unique branching network and is specifically found in the heart. Unlike skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement, cardiac muscle is involuntary and contracts to pump blood throughout the body. Smooth muscle is found in organs like the intestines and blood vessels, while the multifidus muscle is a specific muscle in the back. Therefore, cardiac muscle is the appropriate choice in this scenario.

5. Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right atrium of the heart?

• A. Arteries
• B. Veins
• C. Capillaries
• D. Venules

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Veins. Veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while capillaries are tiny blood vessels where exchange of gases and nutrients occurs. Venules are small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and carry it to veins. Understanding the role of veins in carrying deoxygenated blood is crucial for comprehending the circulatory system and how blood is circulated throughout the body.

6. Which skin condition is characterized by patches of inflamed, reddened skin and is often triggered by allergens or stress?

• A. Eczema
• B. Psoriasis
• C. Acne
• D. Vitiligo

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Eczema. Eczema is a skin condition characterized by patches of inflamed, reddened skin that can be triggered by allergens or stress. It is a chronic condition that can cause itching and discomfort. Psoriasis (option B) is a different skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches on the skin. Acne (option C) is a common skin condition characterized by pimples and clogged pores. Vitiligo (option D) is a condition where the skin loses its pigment, resulting in white patches. Therefore, eczema best fits the description provided in the question.

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