Nursing Elites

1. The structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood is the:

• A. Nephron
• B. Ureter
• C. Urethra
• D. Bladder

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Nephron. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood. It consists of the glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting duct. The nephron's filtration process plays a crucial role in removing waste products, regulating electrolyte balance, and maintaining blood pressure. The other options, B: Ureter, C: Urethra, and D: Bladder, are not responsible for filtering blood. The ureter transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the urethra is responsible for urine excretion from the bladder, and the bladder stores urine before excretion. Therefore, the nephron is specifically designed for the filtration process within the kidney.

2. What phenomenon occurs when light passes through a medium but does not change direction, such as when passing through a window?

• A. Diffraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Dispersion
• D. Transmission

Correct answer: d

Rationale: Transmission occurs when light passes through a medium without changing direction, as observed when light passes through a window.

3. Adipose tissue, also known as fat, serves multiple functions. Which of these is NOT a function of adipose tissue?

• A. Insulation
• B. Energy storage
• C. Hormone production
• D. Muscle movement

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Adipose tissue plays various essential roles in the body, including insulation to help regulate body temperature, energy storage by storing excess energy in the form of fat, and hormone production such as leptin and adiponectin. However, adipose tissue is not directly responsible for muscle movement. Muscles are primarily responsible for movement, while adipose tissue provides cushioning and support around organs. Therefore, option D, 'Muscle movement,' is the correct answer as it does not align with the functions of adipose tissue.

4. A medication order is for 250 micrograms of a drug to be administered subcutaneously. The available syringe measures in milliliters. How many milliliters should the nurse draw up?

• A. 0.00025 milliliters
• B. 0.0025 milliliters
• C. 0.025 milliliters
• D. 0.25 milliliters

Correct answer: B

Rationale: First convert micrograms to milliliters, knowing 1000 micrograms equal 1 milliliter. Divide the desired dosage (250 micrograms) by the conversion factor (1000 micrograms/milliliter) to find the volume needed: 250 micrograms / 1000 micrograms/milliliter = 0.00025 milliliters. However, drawing such a small volume might be inaccurate, so round to the nearest practical measurement, which is 0.0025 milliliters.

5. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?

• A. High blood pressure
• B. High levels of LDL cholesterol
• C. Regular physical activity
• D. Smoking

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Regular physical activity is NOT a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. In fact, engaging in regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis by improving cardiovascular health, lowering blood pressure, and reducing LDL cholesterol levels. High blood pressure, high levels of LDL cholesterol, and smoking are all known risk factors for atherosclerosis. High blood pressure can damage blood vessels, making them more susceptible to plaque buildup. High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to the accumulation of plaque in the arteries, narrowing the passageways and increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. Smoking is harmful to blood vessels, promoting inflammation and the formation of plaque. Therefore, regular physical activity is actually a protective factor against atherosclerosis rather than a risk factor.

6. The external body covering, providing protection and contributing to temperature regulation, is composed of:

• A. Muscle tissue
• B. Epithelial tissue (skin)
• C. Bone marrow
• D. Cartilage

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Epithelial tissue (skin). The skin is the external body covering that provides protection against physical, chemical, and biological factors. It also plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature by controlling heat exchange with the environment through processes like sweating and blood vessel constriction or dilation. Muscle tissue (option A) is responsible for movement, bone marrow (option C) produces blood cells, and cartilage (option D) is a type of connective tissue found in joints. Therefore, epithelial tissue (skin) is the most suitable option as it directly addresses the functions of the external body covering.

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