1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?

A. Transporting oxygen to cells
B. Maintaining blood pressure
C. Carrying waste products to the kidneys for removal
D. Initiating the immune response

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen to cells (option A), maintaining blood pressure (option B), and carrying waste products to the kidneys for removal (option C). However, initiating the immune response (option D) is not a function of the cardiovascular system. The immune response is primarily carried out by the immune system, which includes organs like the spleen and lymph nodes. While the cardiovascular system does play a role in immune function by transporting immune cells and antibodies, it is not responsible for initiating the immune response. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

2. The author's attitude towards history seems to be

A. indifferent and neutral, presenting it as an objective field of study.
B. critical and dismissive, questioning its practical applicability in the present.
C. enthusiastic and optimistic, highlighting its potential to guide the future.
D. pessimistic and cautious, emphasizing the risk of repeating past mistakes.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The passage's overall tone highlights the value and utility of history, showcasing its potential to inspire and guide us, suggesting an optimistic and encouraging view.

3. Which of the following is an example of a commensal relationship between a microorganism and a human?

A. Salmonella causing food poisoning
B. taphylococcus aureus causing skin infections
C. coli living in the gut
D. Rabies virus causing neurological disease

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A commensal relationship is a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. In this case, E. coli living in the gut is an example of a commensal relationship because it can benefit from the environment in the gut without causing harm to the human host. Option A, Salmonella causing food poisoning, is an example of a pathogenic relationship where the microorganism causes harm to the host. Option B, Staphylococcus aureus causing skin infections, is also an example of a pathogenic relationship where the microorganism causes harm to the host. Option D, Rabies virus causing neurological disease, is another example of a pathogenic relationship where the microorganism causes harm to the host.

4. What figure of speech is used in the statement "His words were a dagger to my heart"?

A. Metonymy
B. Simile
C. Metaphor (Correct)
D. Hyperbole

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The statement compares the pain of his words to a physical object, forming a metaphor.

5. What is the process of removing waste products from the cell called?

A. Exocytosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Pinocytosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel waste products or other substances by fusing a vesicle containing the waste with the cell membrane, releasing its contents outside the cell. This process is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by removing waste products from the cell. B) Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances by engulfing them in a vesicle formed from the cell membrane. This process is the opposite of exocytosis and is used to bring substances into the cell. C) Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where cells engulf solid particles or other cells to form a vesicle called a phagosome. This process is used by immune cells to engulf and destroy pathogens. D) Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis where cells engulf fluids and dissolved solutes. This process allows cells to take in nutrients and

6. How does the structure of centromeres contribute to chromosome movement during mitosis?

A. The centromere provides a binding site for spindle fibers, allowing chromosomes to be attached and manipulated.
B. The centromere serves as a dividing point between sister chromatids, ensuring their separation during anaphase.
C. The centromere maintains chromosome stability by preventing chromosomal breaks and rearrangements.
D. The centromere plays a role in DNA replication, ensuring accurate copying of the genetic material.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) The centromere provides a binding site for spindle fibers, which are microtubules that help move chromosomes during cell division. This attachment allows the chromosomes to be pulled towards opposite poles of the cell during mitosis. Therefore, the structure of centromeres directly contributes to chromosome movement during mitosis by facilitating the attachment and manipulation of chromosomes by the spindle fibers. B) While the centromere does serve as a dividing point between sister chromatids, ensuring their separation during anaphase, this function is more related to the segregation of chromosomes rather than their movement. C) The centromere does play a role in maintaining chromosome stability by ensuring proper chromosome segregation, but it is not primarily responsible for preventing chromosomal breaks and rearrangements. D) The centromere is not directly involved in DNA replication. Its main function is