Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy?

• A. Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes influencing one trait, while pleiotropy involves one gene affecting multiple traits.
• B. Polygenic inheritance is found in simple Mendelian traits, while pleiotropy is found in complex traits.
• C. Polygenic inheritance is always quantitative, while pleiotropy can be qualitative or quantitative.
• D. Both involve multiple genes and multiple traits, but the specific mechanisms differ

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: - Polygenic inheritance refers to the situation where a trait is influenced by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect to the phenotype. These traits often show continuous variation and are not easily categorized into discrete categories. - Pleiotropy, on the other hand, occurs when a single gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated traits. This means that a mutation in one gene can lead to multiple phenotypic effects across different traits or characteristics. - Therefore, the key difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy lies in the number of genes involved in influencing a trait (multiple genes in polygenic inheritance vs. one gene in pleiotropy) and the direction of influence (one trait affected by multiple genes in polygenic inheritance vs. multiple traits affected by one gene in pleiotropy).

2. Which of the following is a functional group commonly found in alcohols?

• A. Carbonyl
• B. Hydroxyl
• C. Amine
• D. Ester

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The hydroxyl functional group (OH) is commonly found in alcohols. The other choices are associated with different functional groups.

3. The body's first line of defense against pathogens includes:

• A. Phagocytes
• B. Antibodies
• C. Memory B cells
• D. T lymphocytes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's innate immune response, which is the first line of defense against pathogens. Phagocytes engulf and digest foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, helping to prevent infection and disease. Antibodies (option B) are produced by B cells and are part of the adaptive immune response, not the first line of defense. Memory B cells (option C) are also part of the adaptive immune response and are involved in mounting a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to a pathogen. T lymphocytes (option D) are another type of white blood cell involved in the adaptive immune response, specifically in cell-mediated immunity.

4. What cellular process ensures accurate transmission of genetic material during cell division?

• A. Mitosis (somatic cell division)
• B. Meiosis (germ cell division)
• C. Replication (DNA duplication)
• D. Transcription (DNA to RNA conversion)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) Mitosis is the process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, the genetic material is accurately replicated and distributed to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. This process is crucial for growth, repair, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. B) Meiosis is the type of cell division that occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sperm and egg cells). While meiosis also involves the transmission of genetic material, it is specifically geared towards generating genetic diversity through recombination and reduction of chromosome number. C) Replication is the process of copying DNA to produce an identical copy. While replication is essential for cell division, it is not the specific process that ensures accurate transmission of genetic material during cell division. D) Transcription is the process by which genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA. Transcription is important for gene ex

5. Which type of joint allows for the most movement?

• A. Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder)
• B. Hinge joint (elbow)
• C. Fibrocartilaginous joint (wrists)
• D. Suture joint (skull)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder). Ball-and-socket joints allow for the most movement in all directions, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The shoulder joint is a prime example, as it enables a wide range of motion, allowing the arm to move in multiple planes. Hinge joints, like the elbow, primarily allow movement in one direction (flexion and extension). Fibrocartilaginous joints, such as those in the wrists, have limited movement due to the presence of cartilage between the bones. Suture joints, found in the skull, are immovable joints that provide structural support rather than movement. Therefore, ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder joint offer the greatest range of motion among the options provided.

6. What type of clause is "as the sun dipped below the horizon" in the sentence "We sat on the beach, as the sun dipped below the horizon"?

• A. Independent clause
• B. Subordinate clause
• C. Appositive clause
• D. Noun clause

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The clause "as the sun dipped below the horizon" provides additional information about the main clause "We sat on the beach," making it a subordinate clause.

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