1. A condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland and excessive production of thyroid hormones is called:

A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Cushing's syndrome

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland becomes overactive and produces an excess of thyroid hormones. This can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heart rate, and anxiety. Diabetes mellitus (A) is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. Hypothyroidism (C) is the opposite of hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive. Cushing's syndrome (D) is a disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of the hormone cortisol. Therefore, in this case, the correct answer is B as it specifically relates to an overactive thyroid gland.

2. Which of the following is NOT a type of vaccine?

A. Live attenuated vaccine
B. Toxoid vaccine
C. Conjugate vaccine
D. Antibiotic

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Live attenuated vaccine: This type of vaccine contains a weakened form of the virus or bacteria that causes the disease. When administered, it stimulates an immune response without causing the disease itself. B) Toxoid vaccine: Toxoid vaccines are made from toxins produced by bacteria that have been inactivated. They stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the toxin, providing immunity against the disease. C) Conjugate vaccine: Conjugate vaccines are made by combining a weak antigen with a strong antigen to enhance the immune response. They are commonly used to protect against bacterial infections. D) Antibiotic: Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. They are not a type of vaccine but rather a class of antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, the correct answer is D) Antibiotic, as it is not a type of vaccine.

3. Why are noble gas elements generally unreactive?

A. They are too large and cannot form bonds easily.
B. They lack valence electrons in their outermost shell.
C. They have strong bonds within their own molecules.
D. They have already achieved stable electron configurations.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: They have already achieved stable electron configurations. With completely filled outermost shells, noble gas elements have no need to gain or lose electrons, minimizing their tendency to participate in chemical reactions.

4. Which muscular pouch in the upper left abdomen stores food after swallowing and begins mechanical and chemical digestion?

A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Small intestine
D. Large intestine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stomach. The stomach is the muscular pouch in the upper left abdomen that stores food after swallowing. It is responsible for beginning both mechanical and chemical digestion processes. Once food enters the stomach, it is mixed with gastric juices and enzymes that break down the food into smaller particles. The stomach also contracts and relaxes to further mix the food with digestive juices. The esophagus is a tube that connects the throat to the stomach and does not store food or participate in digestion. The small intestine and large intestine are parts of the digestive system, but they are not muscular pouches in the upper left abdomen responsible for storing and digesting food.

5. Which type of energy is associated with the random motion of particles in a substance?

A. Potential energy
B. Mechanical energy
C. Thermal energy
D. Chemical energy

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Thermal energy is related to the random motion of particles in a substance and is associated with temperature.

6. Which property describes a substance's resistance to flow?

A. Density
B. Viscosity
C. Conductivity
D. Reactivity

Correct answer: b

Rationale: Viscosity refers to a substance's resistance to flow. Substances with high viscosity flow slowly, while those with low viscosity flow more easily.