1. Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor from the stomach for proper absorption?

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin B12

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells in the stomach, for proper absorption in the small intestine. Intrinsic factor binds to B12 and facilitates its absorption in the ileum. Without intrinsic factor, the body cannot effectively absorb Vitamin B12, leading to deficiencies and various health issues. Vitamins A, C, and D do not require intrinsic factor for absorption and have different mechanisms for uptake and utilization within the body.

2. Identify the participial phrase in the following sentence: "Running through the park, she spotted a squirrel."

A. Running
B. through the park
C. she spotted
D. a squirrel

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A participial phrase acts as an adjective but is formed from a verb.

3. Which form of energy is associated with the motion of an object?

A. Kinetic energy
B. Potential energy
C. Thermal energy
D. Electrical energy

Correct answer: a

Rationale: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion possessed by an object.

4. In the process of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce energy. What is the main waste product released?

A. Water
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Oxygen
D. Protein

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carbon dioxide. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. One of the main waste products released in this process is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the metabolic reactions occurring in cells and is expelled from the body through exhalation. Water is also produced during cellular respiration, but it is not the main waste product released. Oxygen is required for cellular respiration to occur, and protein is a macromolecule and not a waste product of cellular respiration.

5. What is the author's stance towards the idea of smart cities?

A. Strongly supportive, emphasizing only the benefits.
B. Strongly critical, focusing solely on the drawbacks.
C. Balanced and objective, highlighting both potential and concerns.
D. Indecisive and unclear about the overall value of smart cities.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The passage acknowledges both the promise and challenges of smart cities, demonstrating a balanced perspective.

6. Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood, sleep, and memory?

A. Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Acetylcholine
D. Glutamate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, and memory. It is known as the 'feel-good' neurotransmitter because it helps to promote feelings of well-being and happiness. Serotonin also contributes to the regulation of sleep patterns and plays a role in memory and learning processes. Dopamine is associated with reward and motivation, acetylcholine with muscle movement and cognitive functions, and glutamate with learning and memory as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Therefore, of the options provided, serotonin is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to mood, sleep, and memory.