1. Frequent, painful urination is a common symptom of:

A. Diabetes
B. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
C. Kidney stones
D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' Frequent, painful urination can be a symptom of various conditions affecting the urinary system. In diabetes, high blood sugar levels can lead to increased urine production. UTIs often cause painful urination due to the infection in the urinary tract. Kidney stones can also result in frequent and painful urination as they obstruct the flow of urine. Therefore, all three options can present with the common symptom of frequent, painful urination, making 'All of the above' the correct choice.

2. The layer of the skin responsible for new skin cell production is the:

A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum basale
C. Stratum granulosum
D. Stratum spinosum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stratum basale. The stratum basale, also known as the basal layer or stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis responsible for new skin cell production through cell division. This layer contains stem cells that continuously divide and differentiate into keratinocytes, which eventually migrate to the outer layers of the epidermis. The stratum corneum (option A) is the outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead skin cells. The stratum granulosum (option C) is the layer above the stratum basale where keratinocytes undergo changes in their structure. The stratum spinosum (option D) is a layer above the stratum basale where cells become interconnected by desmosomes. Therefore, the stratum basale is the primary layer responsible for the production of new skin cells.

3. The student studies diligently for her upcoming exam. Which word is the plural form of "study"?

A. studies
B. studying
C. studied
D. studier

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The plural form of a noun refers to more than one of that thing.

4. When light reflects from a surface, what determines the angle of reflection?

A. The material of the surface
B. The wavelength of the light
C. The angle of incidence
D. The intensity of the light

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence according to the law of reflection, regardless of the material, wavelength, or intensity.

5. Which of the following is TRUE about functional nursing?

A. Concentrates on tasks and activities
B. Emphasizes use of group collaboration
C. One-to-one nurse-patient ratio
D. Provides continuous, coordinated and comprehensive nursing services

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Emphasizes use of group collaboration." Functional nursing is a task-oriented approach where team members specialize in specific tasks or activities. In this model, nurses work together in groups to provide care to a larger number of patients efficiently. This differs from the one-to-one nurse-patient ratio (C) and the continuous, coordinated, and comprehensive nursing services (D). While functional nursing concentrates on tasks (A), the key feature emphasized in this care delivery model is the use of group collaboration to provide care effectively.

6. A person who carries a pathogen but does not exhibit any symptoms is considered:

A. Asymptomatic carrier
B. Opportunistic pathogen
C. Nosocomial infection
D. Vector-borne disease

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: An asymptomatic carrier is a person who carries a pathogen (such as a virus or bacterium) but does not show any symptoms of the infection themselves. Despite not exhibiting symptoms, asymptomatic carriers can still spread the pathogen to others, potentially causing illness in those who come into contact with them. This term specifically refers to individuals who are infected but do not develop symptoms, distinguishing them from symptomatic carriers who do show signs of the infection. Option A is the most appropriate choice in this context as it accurately describes a person who carries a pathogen without displaying symptoms. B) Opportunistic pathogen: This term refers to pathogens that typically do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can become pathogenic in individuals with weakened immune systems. C) Nosocomial infection: This term refers to infections that are acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility. D) Vector-borne disease: This term refers to diseases