Nursing Elites

1. What is the function of the pituitary gland?

• A. Produces hormones that regulate growth and metabolism
• B. Filters blood and removes waste products
• C. Stores and releases bile
• D. Produces red blood cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls the activity of many other endocrine glands in the body. It is located at the base of the brain and produces a variety of hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and blood pressure.

2. The author's attitude towards history seems to be

• A. indifferent and neutral, presenting it as an objective field of study.
• B. critical and dismissive, questioning its practical applicability in the present.
• C. enthusiastic and optimistic, highlighting its potential to guide the future.
• D. pessimistic and cautious, emphasizing the risk of repeating past mistakes.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The passage's overall tone highlights the value and utility of history, showcasing its potential to inspire and guide us, suggesting an optimistic and encouraging view.

3. What happens to the internal energy of a system when it performs work on its surroundings?

• A. It increases.
• B. It decreases.
• C. It remains the same.
• D. Information insufficient

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When a system performs work on its surroundings, it loses internal energy in accordance with the first law of thermodynamics.

4. What potential consequences can chromosomal nondisjunction have on offspring?

• A. Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
• B. Turner syndrome, characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females.
• C. Klinefelter syndrome, featuring one or more extra X chromosomes in males.
• D. All of the above.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: - Chromosomal nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells. - Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis. Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. - Turner syndrome is characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females, leading to a variety of physical and developmental features. - Klinefelter syndrome features one or more extra X chromosomes in males, typically resulting in infertility and other physical characteristics. Therefore, chromosomal nondisjunction can lead to various genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome, making option D the correct answer.

5. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress, including the regulation of salt and water balance?

• A. Aldosterone
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress by regulating salt and water balance. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance during times of stress. Epinephrine and cortisol are also stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands, but they have different functions. Epinephrine is involved in the fight-or-flight response, while cortisol helps regulate metabolism and immune function. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is involved in glucose metabolism and not directly related to the body's stress response. Therefore, aldosterone is the most appropriate hormone in this context.

6. What are the white blood cells responsible for coordinating the immune response called?

• A. Red blood cells
• B. Platelets
• C. Lymphocytes
• D. Neutrophils

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Lymphocytes." Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in coordinating the immune response. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells, which produce antibodies to target pathogens, and T cells, which directly attack infected cells. Neutrophils (option D) are another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response by engulfing and destroying pathogens. Red blood cells (option A) are responsible for carrying oxygen to body tissues, while platelets (option B) are involved in blood clotting. Therefore, lymphocytes are specifically responsible for coordinating the immune response, making them the correct answer to this question.

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