Nursing Elites

1. Which type of muscle is characterized by voluntary control and is responsible for body movement?

• A. Cardiac muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Connective tissue

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles are characterized by voluntary control, meaning they are under conscious control, allowing us to move our body parts as desired. These muscles are attached to bones and are responsible for movements such as walking, running, and lifting objects. Cardiac muscle (A) is found in the heart and is involuntary, while smooth muscle (B) is found in internal organs and is also involuntary. Connective tissue (D) provides support and structure to the body but is not responsible for body movements.

2. The involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the heart muscle are controlled by a specialized group of cells located in the:

• A. Lungs
• B. Brain
• C. Spinal cord
• D. Sinoatrial node (located within the heart)

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sinoatrial node (located within the heart). The sinoatrial node, also known as the heart's natural pacemaker, is a cluster of specialized cells within the heart that controls the heart rate by initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's contractions. The lungs (A), brain (B), and spinal cord (C) do not directly control the rhythmic contractions of the heart muscle. Therefore, the sinoatrial node is the specific anatomical location responsible for regulating the heart's rhythmic contractions, making it the correct answer.

3. The bones of the skull are classified as what type of bone?

• A. Long bone
• B. Short bone
• C. Flat bone
• D. Irregular bone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Flat bone. The bones of the skull are classified as flat bones due to their thin, flattened shape. Flat bones provide protection to vital organs and have a broad surface for muscle attachment. Long bones, like the femur, are characterized by their elongated shape, while short bones, such as those in the wrist and ankle, are cube-shaped. Irregular bones have complex shapes and do not fit into the other bone categories. In this case, the flat bones of the skull best fit the classification.

4. Which of the following is NOT a typical component of healthy semen?

• A. Sperm
• B. Fructose (sugar)
• C. Prostaglandins
• D. Urine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Urine. Semen is a mixture of fluids from various glands in the male reproductive system. It typically contains sperm, fructose (sugar) to provide energy for the sperm, and prostaglandins to aid in sperm motility. Urine is not a normal component of healthy semen. It is important to note that urine and semen travel through different pathways in the male body, and they should not mix. Therefore, the presence of urine in semen would indicate a potential issue or infection in the urinary system. Understanding the components of healthy semen is crucial for assessing male reproductive health and fertility.

5. The small intestine is where most of the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur. What is the finger-like projection in the small intestine that increases its surface area for absorption?

• A. Rugae
• B. Villi
• C. Microvilli
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' The finger-like projection in the small intestine that increases its surface area for absorption is primarily the villi and microvilli. Villi are small, finger-like projections that line the inner wall of the small intestine, while microvilli are even smaller projections on the surface of the villi. Both structures significantly increase the surface area of the small intestine, allowing for more efficient absorption of nutrients. Rugae, on the other hand, are folds in the stomach lining that help with expansion when the stomach is full. Therefore, the rugae are not directly related to the increased surface area for absorption in the small intestine, making options A and B incorrect choices. Overall, options A, B, and C are all related to the structure of the small intestine but serve different functions, so the most appropriate answer is D, 'All of the above.'

6. Which of the following terms refers to a muscle that lengthens while another muscle contracts to produce movement?

• A. Synergist
• B. Agonist
• C. Antagonist
• D. Flexor

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Antagonist. In muscle physiology, an antagonist refers to a muscle that lengthens while another muscle contracts to produce movement. This relationship allows for smooth and coordinated movement by controlling the action of the agonist muscle. For example, when you bend your arm, the biceps muscle (agonist) contracts to flex the arm while the triceps muscle (antagonist) lengthens to allow for this movement. Synergists assist the agonist muscle in performing a movement, while flexors are a type of muscle that decreases the angle between bones at a joint. Therefore, the antagonist best fits the description of a muscle that lengthens while another muscle contracts.

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