Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a type of vaccine?

• A. Live attenuated vaccine
• B. Toxoid vaccine
• C. Conjugate vaccine
• D. Antibiotic

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Live attenuated vaccine: This type of vaccine contains a weakened form of the virus or bacteria that causes the disease. When administered, it stimulates an immune response without causing the disease itself. B) Toxoid vaccine: Toxoid vaccines are made from toxins produced by bacteria that have been inactivated. They stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the toxin, providing immunity against the disease. C) Conjugate vaccine: Conjugate vaccines are made by combining a weak antigen with a strong antigen to enhance the immune response. They are commonly used to protect against bacterial infections. D) Antibiotic: Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. They are not a type of vaccine but rather a class of antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, the correct answer is D) Antibiotic, as it is not a type of vaccine.

2. What is the unit of measurement for density?

• A. Grams per liter (g/L)
• B. Kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³)
• C. Pounds per square inch (psi)
• D. Newtons per meter (N/m)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The most commonly used unit for density in the metric system is grams per liter (g/L). Kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) is also a common unit for density, but grams per liter is more frequently used in everyday measurements. Pounds per square inch (psi) is a unit of pressure, not density. Newtons per meter (N/m) is a unit of force per unit length, not density.

3. The structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood is the:

• A. Nephron
• B. Ureter
• C. Urethra
• D. Bladder

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Nephron. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood. It consists of the glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting duct. The nephron's filtration process plays a crucial role in removing waste products, regulating electrolyte balance, and maintaining blood pressure. The other options, B: Ureter, C: Urethra, and D: Bladder, are not responsible for filtering blood. The ureter transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the urethra is responsible for urine excretion from the bladder, and the bladder stores urine before excretion. Therefore, the nephron is specifically designed for the filtration process within the kidney.

4. What is the myelin sheath and what does it do?

• A. A group of nerve cells that perform a specific function.
• B. A fatty substance that insulates some nerve fibers.
• C. A fluid-filled cavity within the brain.
• D. The junction between two neurons.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that insulates some nerve fibers. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system as it acts as an insulator, allowing for faster transmission of nerve impulses along the axon. Without the myelin sheath, nerve signals could be disrupted or weakened, leading to issues with movement, sensation, and other neurological functions. Options A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the myelin sheath or its function.

5. Organisms that break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the environment are called:

• A. Producers
• B. Decomposers
• C. Consumers
• D. Parasites

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organisms and organic matter, such as bacteria, fungi, and some insects. They play a crucial role in the ecosystem by breaking down complex organic materials into simpler forms, releasing nutrients back into the environment for other organisms to use. Producers (option A) are organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, consumers (option C) are organisms that consume other organisms for energy, and parasites (option D) are organisms that live on or in another organism and benefit at the host's expense.

6. Sunscreen protects the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays by

• A. Reflecting UV rays away from the skin
• B. Absorbing UV rays and converting them to heat
• C. Blocking UV rays completely
• D. Stimulating melanin production

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Absorbing UV rays and converting them to heat. Sunscreen contains ingredients that act as filters to absorb UV radiation before it reaches the skin. These filters then convert the UV rays into a less harmful form of energy, usually heat, which is then released from the body. This process helps prevent UV radiation from damaging the skin cells and causing sunburn or long-term skin damage. Reflecting UV rays away from the skin (A) and blocking UV rays completely (C) are not accurate functions of sunscreen. Additionally, stimulating melanin production (D) is not a direct way in which sunscreen protects the skin from UV rays.

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