Nursing Elites

1. What is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?

• A. Blood
• B. Cerebrospinal fluid
• C. Myelin sheath
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, providing protection from impacts. Blood is essential for transporting nutrients and oxygen, but it does not directly surround or protect these vital nervous system structures. Myelin sheath is a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers, not the fluid surrounding the nervous system. Insulin is a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar levels and is not related to protecting the brain and spinal cord.

2. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, is essential for the regulation of electrolyte balance, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body?

• A. Aldosterone
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance, especially sodium and potassium levels in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium, which helps to maintain proper fluid balance and blood pressure. Epinephrine (B) is involved in the 'fight or flight' response, cortisol (C) is a stress hormone, and insulin (D) regulates blood sugar levels, but neither of these hormones primarily regulates electrolyte balance like aldosterone does.

3. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that perform several vital functions. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

• A. Filtering waste products from the blood
• B. Regulating blood pressure
• C. Producing red blood cells
• D. Maintaining water balance in the body

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. While the kidneys perform multiple vital functions, such as filtering waste products from the blood, regulating blood pressure, and maintaining water balance in the body, they do not produce red blood cells. Red blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow, specifically in the spongy tissue called the red bone marrow. Therefore, the kidneys' primary functions do not include producing red blood cells.

4. A diabetic patient's blood sugar is 180mg/dL. Their usual insulin dose is 1 unit per 40mg/dL above 100mg/dL. How much insulin should be administered?

• A. 2 units
• B. 3 units
• C. 4 units
• D. 5 units

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Calculate the excess blood sugar above 100mg/dL: 180mg/dL - 100mg/dL = 80mg/dL. 2. Determine the insulin dose based on the patient's usual insulin dose: 80mg/dL / 40mg/dL = 2 units. 3. Add the calculated insulin dose to the patient's usual insulin dose: 1 unit (usual dose) + 2 units (calculated dose) = 3 units. Therefore, the correct answer is 3 units of insulin should be administered to the diabetic patient with a blood sugar level of 180mg/dL.

5. Eliminate the function NOT attributed to the lymphatic system.

• A. Fluid drainage from tissues
• B. Immune response via white blood cell production
• C. Nutrient transport throughout the body
• D. Waste removal through lymph nodes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Fluid drainage from tissues: This function is attributed to the lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid from tissues and return it to the bloodstream. B) Immune response via white blood cell production: The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the body's immune response by producing and transporting white blood cells, such as lymphocytes, which help fight infections. C) Nutrient transport throughout the body: Nutrient transport is primarily carried out by the circulatory system (blood vessels), not the lymphatic system. The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells and removes waste products. D) Waste removal through lymph nodes: The lymphatic system helps remove waste and toxins from the body by filtering lymph through lymph nodes, where harmful substances are trapped and destroyed by immune cells. Therefore, the function NOT attributed to the lymphatic system is C) Nutrient transport throughout the body.

6. Osteoporosis is a condition leading to weakened bones and increased risk of fractures. Which hormone plays a key role in bone health and is often affected in osteoporosis?

• A. Estrogen
• B. Testosterone
• C. Thyroid hormone
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Estrogen plays a crucial role in bone health by promoting the activity of bone-forming cells and inhibiting bone breakdown. In women, estrogen levels decrease significantly during menopause, leading to a higher risk of osteoporosis. This hormone helps maintain bone density and strength, making it essential for preventing bone loss and fractures. Testosterone, while important for overall health, does not have as significant of an impact on bone health as estrogen does. Thyroid hormone and insulin also have roles in the body, but they are not as directly linked to bone health as estrogen. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Estrogen.

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