Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between a homozygous recessive genotype and a homozygous dominant genotype?

• A. Both have the same phenotype, but different genotypes.
• B. Both have the same genotype, but different phenotypes.
• C. Homozygous recessive has two dominant alleles, while homozygous dominant has two recessive alleles.
• D. Homozygous recessive has two identical recessive alleles, while homozygous dominant has two identical dominant alleles.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: - Homozygous recessive genotype refers to an individual having two identical recessive alleles for a particular gene (e.g., rr for a trait where r represents the recessive allele). - Homozygous dominant genotype refers to an individual having two identical dominant alleles for a particular gene (e.g., RR for a trait where R represents the dominant allele). - The difference between the two genotypes lies in the specific alleles present in each case, with homozygous recessive having two recessive alleles and homozygous dominant having two dominant alleles. - This genetic difference results in different phenotypes being expressed, as the dominant allele typically masks the expression of the recessive allele in heterozygous individuals.

2. Endotoxins are toxic substances released by:

• A. Viruses
• B. Bacteria (gram-positive)
• C. Bacteria (gram-negative)
• D. Parasites

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Endotoxins are toxic substances that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. These toxins are released when the bacteria are destroyed or during bacterial growth. Endotoxins can cause a variety of harmful effects in the host, including fever, inflammation, and septic shock. Viruses do not produce endotoxins, and gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins rather than endotoxins. Parasites are not typically associated with the production of endotoxins.

3. How are genetic markers used in paternity testing?

• A. They identify unique sequences in the father's DNA present in the child.
• B. They analyze the presence or absence of specific alleles for certain genes.
• C. They compare the child's blood type to the parents' blood types.
• D. They measure the child's physical resemblance to the father.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Genetic markers are specific DNA sequences that can vary among individuals. In paternity testing, genetic markers are used to compare the DNA of the child with that of the alleged father. By analyzing the presence or absence of specific alleles (different forms of a gene) at these genetic markers, scientists can determine the likelihood of paternity. This method is more accurate and reliable than comparing blood types or physical resemblance, making option B the most appropriate choice.

4. Which element has the same number of protons and neutrons?

• A. Carbon (C)
• B. Oxygen (O)
• C. Lithium (Li)
• D. Helium (He)

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Helium (He) - He-4 has 2 protons and 2 neutrons, while the other options have differing numbers.

5. Identify the noun clause in the sentence: "My biggest fear is that I wouldn't live life to the fullest."

• A. "My biggest fear"
• B. "that I wouldn't live life to the fullest"
• C. "life"
• D. "the fullest"

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Option B functions as the object of the verb "is," making it a noun clause.

6. Stretch marks occur when

• A. The dermis layer becomes inflamed
• B. The dermis layer becomes inflamed
• C. The dermis layer tears due to rapid stretching
• D. Sebaceous glands become clogged

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Stretch marks occur when the dermis layer tears due to rapid stretching. During periods of rapid growth or weight gain, the skin may stretch beyond its capacity, causing the dermis layer to tear and resulting in the formation of stretch marks. Inflammation or clogged sebaceous glands do not directly cause stretch marks, making options A, B, and D incorrect. It is important to understand the physiological process behind stretch marks to identify the correct answer.

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