1. The term "goiter" refers to a condition characterized by:

A. Overproduction of cortisol from the adrenal glands
B. Excessive growth of the thyroid gland
C. Underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D. Deficiency of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The term 'goiter' specifically refers to the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. This can be due to various reasons such as iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or Graves' disease. Options A, C, and D are incorrect as they describe conditions related to other glands and hormones in the endocrine system. It is important to differentiate between different endocrine disorders to accurately diagnose and treat patients. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as a goiter is characterized by the excessive growth of the thyroid gland.

2. A medication dosage is listed as 1/2 teaspoon. What is the equivalent dosage in milliliters (1 teaspoon = 5ml)?

A. 1.25ml
B. 2.5ml
C. 3.75ml
D. 5ml

Correct answer: B

Rationale: 2.5ml: Divide the teaspoon dosage (1/2) by the conversion factor (2 teaspoons/5ml).

3. Positive integers are greater than zero. Which of the following expressions results in the largest positive number?

A. (2 + 3)^2
B. 5 x 7 + 2
C. 10^2 - 4^2
D. (8 - 1) x 3

Correct answer: C

Rationale: 10^2 - 4^2 = 100 - 16 = 84

4. What is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?

A. Jugular vein
B. Thoracic duct
C. Subclavian vein
D. Aorta

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thoracic duct. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, responsible for draining lymph from the lower half of the body, the left side of the head and neck, and the left arm. The jugular vein (A) and subclavian vein (C) are both blood vessels, not lymphatic vessels. The aorta (D) is the largest artery in the body, responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart. Understanding the anatomy of the lymphatic system is crucial for understanding the circulation and immune functions of the body.

5. What type of waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate?

A. Transverse waves
B. Longitudinal waves
C. Electromagnetic waves
D. Surface waves

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Longitudinal waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate because the particles in the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave. Transverse waves, on the other hand, do not require a medium and can propagate through a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves also do not require a medium for propagation, as they consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Surface waves are a combination of both longitudinal and transverse waves and also require a medium to propagate.

6. Which of the following is NOT a typical component of healthy semen?

A. Sperm
B. Fructose (sugar)
C. Prostaglandins
D. Urine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Urine. Semen is a mixture of fluids from various glands in the male reproductive system. It typically contains sperm, fructose (sugar) to provide energy for the sperm, and prostaglandins to aid in sperm motility. Urine is not a normal component of healthy semen. It is important to note that urine and semen travel through different pathways in the male body, and they should not mix. Therefore, the presence of urine in semen would indicate a potential issue or infection in the urinary system. Understanding the components of healthy semen is crucial for assessing male reproductive health and fertility.