Nursing Elites

1. The transfer of energy through feeding relationships in an ecosystem is called a:

• A. Food Chain
• B. Food Web
• C. Habitat
• D. Biome

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where each organism consumes the one below it and is consumed by the one above it. This transfer of energy through feeding relationships is a fundamental concept in ecology to understand how energy flows through an ecosystem. In a food chain, energy is transferred from producers (plants) to primary consumers (herbivores), then to secondary consumers (carnivores), and so on. Each step in the food chain represents a trophic level, and energy is lost as heat at each level, resulting in a pyramid-shaped energy flow. Food webs, on the other hand, represent a more complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem. Habitats refer to the specific environment where an organism lives, and biomes are large geographical areas characterized by specific climate and vegetation types.

2. The measurable electrical activity of the brain is recorded by a:

• A. CAT scan
• B. MRI scan
• C. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• D. X-ray

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Electroencephalogram (EEG)". An EEG is a non-invasive test that measures the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp. It is specifically designed to record brain wave patterns, making it a valuable tool in diagnosing conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. A CAT scan (A) and MRI scan (B) are imaging techniques that show the structure of the brain, while an X-ray (D) is not typically used to measure brain electrical activity.

3. During which stage of meiosis II are sister chromatids separated, resulting in four genetically unique daughter cells?

• A. Prophase I
• B. Prophase II
• C. Anaphase I
• D. Anaphase II

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: - Prophase I occurs in meiosis I, not meiosis II. During Prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material in a process called crossing over. - Prophase II is the stage where the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers start to reappear, preparing the cell for division. Sister chromatids are still attached during Prophase II. - Anaphase I is the stage in meiosis I where homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell. - Anaphase II is the stage in meiosis II where sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell, resulting in four genetically unique daughter cells. This is the stage where the final separation of genetic material occurs, leading to the formation of haploid daughter cells.

4. What is the involuntary process of emptying the bladder called?

• A. Filtration
• B. Micturition
• C. Reabsorption
• D. Excretion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Micturition.' Micturition, also known as urination, is the involuntary process of emptying the bladder. During micturition, the bladder contracts while the sphincter muscles relax, allowing urine to be expelled from the body. Filtration (A) is the process of separating substances based on their size as they pass through a filter. Reabsorption (C) refers to the process of reclaiming substances from the filtrate in the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. Excretion (D) is the process of eliminating waste products from the body through urine, feces, sweat, or other means. Therefore, micturition is the specific term that describes the act of emptying the bladder involuntarily.

5. What tool helps scientists identify and classify organisms based on their shared characteristics?

• A. Binomial nomenclature
• B. Cladistics
• C. Dichotomous key
• D. Domain-based classification

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Binomial nomenclature is a system used to give each organism a two-part scientific name (genus and species) but does not help in identifying or classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. B) Cladistics is a method of classification based on evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics, but it is not a tool used for identifying organisms. C) Dichotomous key is a tool that helps scientists identify and classify organisms based on their shared characteristics by presenting a series of choices leading the user to the correct identification. D) Domain-based classification is a system of classification that groups organisms into three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) based on molecular and genetic similarities, but it is not a tool used for identifying organisms based on shared characteristics.

6. What type of molecule forms the cell membrane and controls what enters and exits the cell?

• A. Proteins
• B. Carbohydrates
• C. Lipids
• D. Nucleic acids

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lipids. The cell membrane is primarily composed of a double layer of lipids called phospholipids. These phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails, which arrange themselves to form a barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. While proteins are also present in the cell membrane and play important roles in transport and cell signaling, lipids are the main structural component responsible for the selective permeability of the membrane. Carbohydrates are typically found on the outer surface of the membrane and are involved in cell recognition and communication. Nucleic acids are not a major component of the cell membrane; they are primarily responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information within the cell.

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