Nursing Elites

1. A patient's temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. What is their temperature in degrees Celsius (1°F = 5/9°C)?

• A. 32°C
• B. 37°C
• C. 41°C
• D. 45°C

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature (98.6°F) and then multiply by 5/9 to get 37°C.

2. Identify the verb in the following sentence: The dog chased the fluffy squirrel around the oak tree.

• A. around
• B. chased
• C. squirrel
• D. the

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Verbs express actions or states of being. In this sentence, "chased" describes what the dog did.

3. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets and destroys which type of immune cell?

• A. Neutrophils
• B. Macrophages
• C. Helper T cells
• D. Memory B cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Helper T cells. HIV targets and destroys Helper T cells, which are a crucial component of the immune system responsible for coordinating the immune response. Neutrophils and macrophages are also important immune cells, but they are not the primary target of HIV. Memory B cells are responsible for mounting a rapid response upon re-exposure to a pathogen but are not the main target of HIV. Thus, HIV primarily affects Helper T cells, leading to the weakening of the immune system and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

4. Which of the following terms refers to the degeneration of nerve tissue?

• A. Potentiation
• B. Demyelination
• C. Reuptake
• D. Neurogenesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Demyelination.' Demyelination is the term used to describe the degeneration of the myelin sheath, the protective covering of nerve fibers. This process can lead to impaired nerve signal transmission and potential nerve damage. 'Potentiation' refers to the strengthening of neural connections, 'Reuptake' is the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron, and 'Neurogenesis' is the generation of new nerve cells. In this context, demyelination is the most appropriate term related to nerve tissue degeneration.

5. What potential consequences can chromosomal nondisjunction have on offspring?

• A. Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
• B. Turner syndrome, characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females.
• C. Klinefelter syndrome, featuring one or more extra X chromosomes in males.
• D. All of the above.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: - Chromosomal nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells. - Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis. Individuals with Down syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. - Turner syndrome is characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in females, leading to a variety of physical and developmental features. - Klinefelter syndrome features one or more extra X chromosomes in males, typically resulting in infertility and other physical characteristics. Therefore, chromosomal nondisjunction can lead to various genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome, making option D the correct answer.

6. A diabetic patient's blood sugar is 180mg/dL. Their usual insulin dose is 1 unit per 40mg/dL above 100mg/dL. How much insulin should be administered?

• A. 2 units
• B. 3 units
• C. 4 units
• D. 5 units

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Calculate the excess blood sugar above 100mg/dL: 180mg/dL - 100mg/dL = 80mg/dL. 2. Determine the insulin dose based on the patient's usual insulin dose: 80mg/dL / 40mg/dL = 2 units. 3. Add the calculated insulin dose to the patient's usual insulin dose: 1 unit (usual dose) + 2 units (calculated dose) = 3 units. Therefore, the correct answer is 3 units of insulin should be administered to the diabetic patient with a blood sugar level of 180mg/dL.

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