Nursing Elites

1. The number of protons in an atom determines its:

• A. Mass number
• B. Atomic number
• C. Atomic number
• D. Valence electron count

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The atomic number (Z) equals the number of protons and defines an element's core identity.

2. In a covalent bond, the shared electrons:

• A. Are completely transferred to one atom.
• B. Spend more time closer to the more electronegative atom.
• C. Remain equidistant between the two atoms.
• D. Do not influence the bond strength.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Spend more time closer to the more electronegative atom. Electronegativity determines the "pull" on shared electrons, with the more electronegative atom attracting them for a larger portion of the time, creating a partial negative charge near its nucleus.

3. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

• A. Breaking down and recycling cellular waste
• B. Packaging and transporting proteins and lipids
• C. Generating energy through cellular respiration
• D. Translating DNA into proteins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Packaging and transporting proteins and lipids. The Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in processing, packaging, and distributing proteins and lipids synthesized by the cell. It modifies these molecules and directs them to their appropriate destinations within the cell or for secretion outside the cell. This function is essential for maintaining the proper functioning of the cell and coordinating various cellular processes. Options A, C, and D are incorrect as they describe functions carried out by other cellular organelles, highlighting the specificity and importance of the Golgi apparatus in protein and lipid trafficking.

4. Which hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs?

• A. Growth hormone (GH)
• B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• C. Prolactin
• D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in stimulating the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs in the body. It promotes cell division, protein synthesis, and overall growth. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, prolactin is involved in milk production after childbirth, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is responsible for the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males, but they do not directly impact the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs. Therefore, growth hormone is the hormone specifically known for its role in promoting growth and development in these areas.

5. A doctor orders 1 gram of a medication to be administered intravenously. The available vial contains 200 milligrams per milliliter. How many milliliters of the solution should be drawn up?

• A. 4 milliliters
• B. 5 milliliters
• C. 10 milliliters
• D. 20 milliliters

Correct answer: B

Rationale: First convert grams to milligrams (1 gram * 1000 milligrams/gram = 1000 milligrams). Then, divide the desired dosage by the concentration per milliliter: 1000 milligrams / 200 milligrams/milliliter = 5 milliliters.

6. What is the final stage of both mitosis and meiosis?

• A. Interphase
• B. Telophase
• C. Cytokinesis
• D. G1 phase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Interphase (option A) is not the final stage of mitosis or meiosis; it is the phase before cell division where the cell prepares for division by growing and replicating its DNA. - Telophase (option B) is the final stage of both mitosis and meiosis. During telophase, the separated chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes begin to decondense. - Cytokinesis (option C) is the process of dividing the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. While it occurs after telophase, it is not considered the final stage of mitosis or meiosis. - G1 phase (option D) is the first gap phase in the cell cycle, occurring before DNA replication. It is not the final stage of mitosis or meiosis.

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